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Cultural assimilation (often called merely
assimilation) is an intense process of consistent integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigration, or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community. This presumes a loss of many characteristics which make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring is sometimes referred to as a
melting pot.Assimilation can also be the process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used to describe immigrant adaptation to new places or residence.
Degrees of choice
Assimilation may be voluntary, which is usually the case with immigrants, or forced upon a group, as is usually the case with the receiving "host" group or country. Immigration, as held by some, is often thought to be in the interest of the politically and economically powerful elites more than in the interest of the weak (usually motivated by individual 'no choice', not collective goals). Where national groups are strongly urged to assimilate, there is often much resistance in spite of the use of governmental force.
If a government puts extreme emphasis on a homogeneous national identity, it may resort, especially in the case of minorities originating from historical foes, to harsh, even extreme measures to 'exterminate' the minority culture, sometimes to the point of considering the only alternative its physical elimination (expulsion or even genocide). Sometimes there are two contradictory tendencies at work. When a numerical minority and/or less developed culture achieves political power, usually by military conquest, it is in a formal position to impose elements of its culture on the counterpart, which usually happens at least at the start and in 'public' domains such as administration, but often this is more than compensated by a natural tendency for the older, richer culture and/or the law of numbers to see itself imitated by the new masters, e.g. the victorious Roman Republic adopted more from the Hellenistic cultures than it imposed in most domains, except such Roman specialties as law and the military.
What is assimilation?
Assimilation is also the state of change. This occurs often with
immigration. When new immigrants enter a country, the surrounding people try to change the immigrants into what their culture or society expects. Sooner or later the immigrants will no longer seem to be immigrants, they will seem to be similar to every one else because of assimilation. Assimilation also occurred in Australia when the Europeans invaded the country and forced their traditions upon the Indigenous Australians. They treated the Aboriginal people like immigrants, but it was the Europeans that were the immigrants to Australia. Assimilation occurs when a majority forces the minority to conform.
Assimilation for the Person
While it is widely held that a given ethnic group may assimilate to its host culture over a period of time, rhetoric espoused by the host culture rarely takes into account the difficulties for the individuals involved. In fact, the question may be asked "is it possible for an individual to assimilate at all, and if so, till what age is it impossible?"
In host countries, ethnic minority parents' children who have regular association with non-ethnic minority people are successful at assimilating.
It may be argued that past occurrences of assimilation are really only occurrences of compatibility of cultures. It is hard to distinguish between situations where a given ethnic group has assimilated and situations where said group has merely become a contributing sector of society.
Some contemporary scholars of immigration, such as
George De Vos, Celia Jaes Falicov, Takeyuki Tsuda,
Min Zhou, and Carl L. Bankston III, argue that immigrants and children of immigrants often fit into host societies through
adaptation, more selectively than assimilation: they retain or re-shape elements of their ethnic culture depending on how the culture meets their needs in the host society.
Named cases
The terms used for such processes usually derive from a name for the group the minority is supposed to be blended into, rather symbolically, e.g.
Religious assimilation
Assimilation also includes to the (often forced) conversion or secularization of religious members of a minority group, especially
Judaism. Throughout the Middle Ages and until the mid-19th century, most Jews were forced to live in small towns and were restricted from entering universities or high-level professions. The only way to get ahead in the host culture was to abandon their identification with co-religionists and become "assimilated Jews." Well-known assimilated Jews of this period include
Moses Mendelssohn, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud, who became dissociated with Orthodox Judaism. In the second half of the 20th century, rampant assimilation in the form of Jewish-Christian intermarriage decimated the ranks of Orthodox Judaism even further. Jewish law (
Halakha) does not recognize children of non-Jewish mothers as Jewish, and further, the children of intermarriage may not be raised with a strong Jewish identity and tend to intermarry themselves.
See also
- Acculturation
- Assimilation policy
- Americanization (of Native Americans)
- Cultural imperialism
- Cultural appropriation
- Diaspora politics
- Ethnic interest group
- Ethnocide
- Forced conversion
- Hanukkah, a Jewish holiday concerning a triumph over assimilation
- Hegemony
- Intercultural competence
- Language shift
- Linguicide
- Media and ethnicity
- "More Irish than the Irish themselves"
- Racial integration
- Stolen generation
- Mexicans in Omaha, Nebraska
Sources, references and external links
- Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
- From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
Cultural assimilation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cultural assimilation (often called merely assimilation) is a process of integration whereby members of an ethno-cultural community (such as immigrants, or ethnic minorities) are ...
Assimilation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Assimilation (from Latin assimilatio; "to render similar") may refer to more than one article: Assimilation (linguistics), a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to ...
CEPR Discussion Paper Abstracts
DP6444 Cultural Assimilation, Cultural Diffusion and the Origin of the Wealth of Nations
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American Popular Culture
It includes links discussing “cultural imperialism,” the domination of other cultures by products of the US culture industry.
The Cultural Assimilation Process
This pages provides resources and links describing the process of cultural assimilation. ... The Process of Cultural Assimilation " If you have not learned this already, both in ...
Cultural assimilation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free ...
From the Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can change